Our message is simple
when parents separate, children should not
Emotional Health
Decades of peer reviewed research consistently show that children are most emotionally secure when they maintain meaningful relationships with both parents after separation or divorce. While family transition can initially lead to increased anxiety, sadness, or behavioral challenges, these effects are not inevitable or permanent. Outcomes are strongly shaped by parenting quality, interparental cooperation, and the degree to which children are allowed to remain connected to both parents.
Studies demonstrate that high conflict, disrupted parent-child relationships, and prolonged absence of one parent increase the risk of emotional and behavioral difficulties. In contrast, children who experience stable caregiving, predictable routines, and active involvement from both parents show greater resilience and improved emotional adjustment over time.
Shared parenting arrangements, when supported by cooperative co-parenting and child centered decision making, are associated with lower stress, stronger identity development, and healthier long term emotional outcomes. Research confirms that it is not separation itself that harms children, but the loss of meaningful parental relationships and exposure to unresolved conflict.
Put Children First grounds its advocacy, education, and community programs in this evidence. By promoting equal shared parenting, respectful co-parenting, and early mental health support, the organization works to reduce harm, strengthen families, and protect the emotional wellbeing of children navigating family transitions.
Divorce and Children’s Adjustment
Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991)
Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 26–46.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.26
Summary of Findings:
This foundational meta-analysis reviewed 92 studies and found that, on average, children of divorced parents showed higher levels of emotional distress, including anxiety, depression, and behavioral difficulties, compared to children from intact families. However, the authors emphasized that outcomes varied widely and were strongly influenced by parenting quality, parental conflict, and post-divorce family dynamics. Many children demonstrated resilience over time when supported by stable relationships and reduced confl
Parental Separation and Children’s Emotional Well-Being
Kalmijn, M., & Monden, C. (2011)
Correct Citation:
Kalmijn, M., & Monden, C. W. S. (2011). The timing of parental divorce and children’s school performance: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(1), 79–94.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00783.x
Related Emotional Well-Being Analysis:
Kalmijn, M. (2010). Parental divorce and children’s well-being: The role of parents’ resources and family structure. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1199–1213.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00764.x
Summary of Findings:
Using longitudinal data from representative European samples, these studies found that children often experience a temporary decline in emotional well-being around the time of parental separation. However, emotional adjustment improved over time for many children, particularly when family stability increased and supportive parenting relationships were maintained.
The Effects of Divorce on Children
Amato, P. R. (2000)
Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 1269–1287.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x
Summary of Findings:
This comprehensive review examined emotional, behavioral, academic, and social outcomes for children following divorce. Amato concluded that divorce is associated with increased risks for emotional and behavioral problems, but the magnitude of these effects varies substantially. Protective factors include effective parenting, low interparental conflict, economic stability, and continued involvement of both parents.
Family Structure Transitions and Youth Well-Being
Sigle-Rushton & McLanahan (2002)
Sigle-Rushton, W., & McLanahan, S. (2002). For richer or poorer? Marriage as an anti-poverty strategy in the United States. Population, 57(3), 509–528.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3246623
Related Youth Well-Being Study:
McLanahan, S., & Sandefur, G. (1994). Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Harvard University Press.
https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674364084
Summary of Findings:
Research on family structure transitions, including divorce, shows that the dissolution of two-parent households is associated with increased emotional and behavioral difficulties among children. These effects are mediated by factors such as reduced parental time, economic stress, and weakened parent-child relationships rather than family structure alone.
